Data centers commonly use lithium-ion batteries for their high energy density and long lifespan. While lead-acid batteries are still used due to lower costs, they require more maintenance. Some facilities may also use nickel-cadmium batteries, known for their robustness in extreme conditions. The choice depends on budget and energy requirements.
A critical element in this power infrastructure is the battery system, which supports the uninterrupted power supply (UPS) during outages or power fluctuations. Understanding the types of batteries used in data centers is essential for businesses seeking to protect their data and maintain operational continuity.
When a power disruption occurs, these batteries provide the immediate energy needed to keep servers running until the primary power source is restored or an alternative power solution is activated. Server rack batteries also act as a buffer, protecting sensitive equipment from voltage spikes, surges, and fluctuations.
Even at the same nominal voltage, the characteristics of battery charging and discharging will differ. The life expectancy of a typical UPS system in a data center is usually 10-15 years. Lead acid batteries work for 3-6 years whereas lithium-ion batteries last 10 years or even longer.
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Fortunately [Adam Bender] is on hand with an extremely comprehensive two-part guide to designing and building lithium-ion battery packs from cylindrical 18650 cells. (Edit 2025: re-linked through Internet Archive.) In one sense we think the two-parter is in the wrong order.
A typical 18650 battery pack for laptops has a nominal voltage of 11.1 V. This is achieved by connecting three 3.7V 18650 battery cells in series (3S).
To calculate the capacity of a lithium-ion battery pack, follow these steps: Determine the Capacity of Individual Cells: Each 18650 cell has a specific capacity, usually between 2,500mAh (2.5Ah) and 3,500mAh (3.5Ah). Identify the Parallel Configuration: Count the number of cells connected in parallel.
Let's calculate for a 11.1V 100Ah 18650 battery pack: 11.1V/3.7V=3 (S), 38.5 (P) cells. So, 3S38P would require 114 cells in total (3*38=114).
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