The research findings indicate that: 1) Uncertainty in the external environment significantly delays investment in charging stations, highlighting the importance of policies to ensure relative stability in the investment environment; 2) The waiting time for charging station. . The research findings indicate that: 1) Uncertainty in the external environment significantly delays investment in charging stations, highlighting the importance of policies to ensure relative stability in the investment environment; 2) The waiting time for charging station. . This paper proposes a novel bi-level optimization model for integrating solar, hydrogen, and battery storage systems with charging stations (SHS-EVCSs) to maximize social welfare. The first level employs a non-cooperative game theory model for each individual EVCS to minimize capital and. . The increasing number of electric vehicles presents opportunities for investment in public charging stations, but uncertainties such as competition and electricity price fluctuations elevate the risks associated with these investment projects. An in-depth discussion on the technical significance and value of integrated energy storage and charging piles in different scenarios is required. Investing in EV charging stations has become an attractive opportunity.
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